Перевод: со всех языков на английский

с английского на все языки

architectural firm

  • 1 Brisbin, Brook, Beynon (architectural firm)

    Abbreviation: BBB

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Brisbin, Brook, Beynon (architectural firm)

  • 2 arquitecto

    m.
    1 architect.
    2 architect, originator, creator.
    * * *
    ► nombre masculino,nombre femenino
    1 architect
    * * *
    (f. - arquitecta)
    noun
    * * *
    arquitecto, -a
    SM / F architect

    arquitecto/a de jardines, arquitecto/a paisajista — landscape gardener

    arquitecto/a técnico/a — quantity surveyor

    * * *
    - ta masculino, femenino architect
    * * *
    = architect, architectural designer.
    Ex. Until recently all libraries and some architects have maintained that an academic library should be capable of extension and that land should be reserved for future expansion.
    Ex. This avenue of investigation leads into spatial approaches used frequently by psychologists, sociologists, and architectural designers = Esta línea de investigación nos lleva a métodos para estudiar el espacio físico usados frecuentmente por los sicólogos, sociólogos y arquitectos.
    ----
    * arquitecto de paisajes = landscape architect.
    * estudio de arquitectos = architecture firm, architectural firm.
    * * *
    - ta masculino, femenino architect
    * * *
    = architect, architectural designer.

    Ex: Until recently all libraries and some architects have maintained that an academic library should be capable of extension and that land should be reserved for future expansion.

    Ex: This avenue of investigation leads into spatial approaches used frequently by psychologists, sociologists, and architectural designers = Esta línea de investigación nos lleva a métodos para estudiar el espacio físico usados frecuentmente por los sicólogos, sociólogos y arquitectos.
    * arquitecto de paisajes = landscape architect.
    * estudio de arquitectos = architecture firm, architectural firm.

    * * *
    masculine, feminine
    architect
    uno de los arquitectos del plan de paz one of the architects of the peace plan
    Compuesto:
    arquitecto técnico, arquitecta técnica
    * * *

     

    arquitecto
    ◊ -ta sustantivo masculino, femenino

    architect
    arquitecto,-a sustantivo masculino y femenino architect

    ' arquitecto' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    algo
    - arquitecta
    - justipreciación
    - asesor
    - estudio
    English:
    architect
    * * *
    arquitecto, -a nm,f
    architect;
    fue el arquitecto de la revolución he was the architect of the revolution
    arquitecto técnico = on-site architect, responsible for the implementation of the designing architect's plans
    * * *
    m, arquitecta f architect
    * * *
    arquitecto, -ta n
    : architect
    * * *
    arquitecto n architect

    Spanish-English dictionary > arquitecto

  • 3 estudio de arquitectos

    (n.) = architecture firm, architectural firm
    Ex. The purpose of the system is to assist architecture firms under contract with the Army Corps Engineers in locating regulations or guidelines on the planning, design or construction of army facilities.
    Ex. This is an interview with Hugh Hard of Hardy Holmzan Pfeiffer Associates, an architectural firm specializing in library design and renovation.
    * * *
    (n.) = architecture firm, architectural firm

    Ex: The purpose of the system is to assist architecture firms under contract with the Army Corps Engineers in locating regulations or guidelines on the planning, design or construction of army facilities.

    Ex: This is an interview with Hugh Hard of Hardy Holmzan Pfeiffer Associates, an architectural firm specializing in library design and renovation.

    Spanish-English dictionary > estudio de arquitectos

  • 4 reforma

    f.
    1 reform.
    reforma agraria land reform, agrarian reform
    2 alterations.
    hacer reformas en casa to to do up the house
    3 Reformation.
    pres.indicat.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: reformar.
    imperat.
    2nd person singular (tú) Imperative of Spanish verb: reformar.
    * * *
    1 (gen) reform
    2 (mejora) improvement
    3 la Reforma RELIGIÓN the Reformation
    1 (en construcción) alterations, repairs, improvements
    \
    'Cerrado por reformas' "Closed for alterations"
    reforma agraria agrarian reform
    reforma fiscal tax reform
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=modificación) reform

    la Reforma — (Rel) the Reformation; Méx (Pol) 19th century reform movement

    2) pl reformas [en edificio, local] alterations

    cerrado por reformas — closed for refurbishment, closed for alterations

    3) (Cos) alteration
    * * *
    1)
    a) (de ley, institución) reform
    b) la Reforma (Relig) the Reformation
    2) (en edificio, traje) alteration
    * * *
    = reform, reformation, renovation, alterations, revamp, remodelling [remodeling, -USA], revamping.
    Ex. If secondary concepts such as parliamentary reform or Irish home rule had been stated in the subject analysis it would have been representative of the policy of depth indexing.
    Ex. The author presents suggestions for the reformation of medical library education.
    Ex. This is an interview with Hugh Hard of Hardy Holmzan Pfeiffer Associates, an architectural firm specializing in library design and renovation.
    Ex. Better flexibility is achieved if the heating, ventilation and lighting can accommodate this move without the need for any alterations.
    Ex. The new version of search software amounts to a complete revamp rather than just an incremental upgrade.
    Ex. Long-range planning is essential and necessary as emergency measures, or as first steps in a staged plan of remodelling.
    Ex. This is part of the company's revamping of its Web service aiming to bring users many benefits.
    ----
    * bajo reforma = under reform.
    * en reforma = under reform.
    * en reformas = under renovation.
    * hacer reformas = refurbish.
    * idea de reforma = reform idea.
    * proceso de reforma = reform process.
    * proyecto de reforma = renovation project.
    * reforma administrativa = administrative reform.
    * reforma agraria = agrarian reform, agricultural reform.
    * reforma del plan de estudios = curriculum development.
    * reforma económica = economic reform.
    * reforma educativa = educational reform, education reform.
    * reforma escolar = school reform.
    * reforma fiscal = tax reform.
    * reforma laboral = labour reform.
    * reforma liberal = liberal reform.
    * reforma penal = penal reform.
    * reforma penitenciaria = prison reform.
    * reforma política = political reform.
    * reforma social = social reform.
    * * *
    1)
    a) (de ley, institución) reform
    b) la Reforma (Relig) the Reformation
    2) (en edificio, traje) alteration
    * * *
    = reform, reformation, renovation, alterations, revamp, remodelling [remodeling, -USA], revamping.

    Ex: If secondary concepts such as parliamentary reform or Irish home rule had been stated in the subject analysis it would have been representative of the policy of depth indexing.

    Ex: The author presents suggestions for the reformation of medical library education.
    Ex: This is an interview with Hugh Hard of Hardy Holmzan Pfeiffer Associates, an architectural firm specializing in library design and renovation.
    Ex: Better flexibility is achieved if the heating, ventilation and lighting can accommodate this move without the need for any alterations.
    Ex: The new version of search software amounts to a complete revamp rather than just an incremental upgrade.
    Ex: Long-range planning is essential and necessary as emergency measures, or as first steps in a staged plan of remodelling.
    Ex: This is part of the company's revamping of its Web service aiming to bring users many benefits.
    * bajo reforma = under reform.
    * en reforma = under reform.
    * en reformas = under renovation.
    * hacer reformas = refurbish.
    * idea de reforma = reform idea.
    * proceso de reforma = reform process.
    * proyecto de reforma = renovation project.
    * reforma administrativa = administrative reform.
    * reforma agraria = agrarian reform, agricultural reform.
    * reforma del plan de estudios = curriculum development.
    * reforma económica = economic reform.
    * reforma educativa = educational reform, education reform.
    * reforma escolar = school reform.
    * reforma fiscal = tax reform.
    * reforma laboral = labour reform.
    * reforma liberal = liberal reform.
    * reforma penal = penal reform.
    * reforma penitenciaria = prison reform.
    * reforma política = political reform.
    * reforma social = social reform.

    * * *
    A
    1 (de una ley, institución) reform
    2
    la Reforma ( Relig) the Reformation
    Compuesto:
    agrarian reform
    B
    1 ( Const) alteration
    hicieron reformas en la casa they made some alterations o improvements to the house
    [ S ] cerrado por reformas closed for refurbishment o for alterations
    2 (en costura) alteration
    * * *

     

    Del verbo reformar: ( conjugate reformar)

    reforma es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo

    2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    reforma    
    reformar
    reforma sustantivo femenino


    b) (en edificio, traje) alteration

    reformar ( conjugate reformar) verbo transitivo

    b) ‹casa/edificio› to make alterations to

    reformarse verbo pronominal
    to mend one's ways
    reforma sustantivo femenino
    1 (de leyes, etc) reform
    2 (en un edificio) alteration, repair: el presupuesto de la reforma es altísimo, estimates for the reforms are exorbitantly high
    cerrado por reformas, closed for alterations o refurbishment
    reformar verbo transitivo
    1 (una ley, empresa, etc) to reform, change
    2 (edificio, casa) to make improvements o alterations to, to refurbish
    ' reforma' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    consignar
    - impositivo
    - votar
    English:
    introduce
    - majority
    - overdue
    - reform
    - reformation
    - alteration
    - land
    * * *
    1. [modificación] reform
    reforma agraria land reform, agrarian reform;
    reforma electoral electoral reform;
    reformas estructurales structural reforms;
    reforma fiscal tax reform
    2. [en local, casa] alterations;
    he gastado los ahorros en hacer reformas en mi casa I've spent all my savings on doing up the house;
    cerrado por reformas [en letrero] closed for alterations
    3. Hist
    la Reforma the Reformation
    * * *
    f
    1 reform;
    reforma educativa/tributaria education/tax reform
    2
    :
    reformas pl ( obras) refurbishment sg ; ( reparaciones) repairs
    * * *
    1) : reform
    2) : alteration, renovation
    * * *
    1. (de una ley, etc) reform
    2. (de un edificio) alteration
    "cerrado por reformas" "closed for alterations"

    Spanish-English dictionary > reforma

  • 5 renovación

    f.
    renewal, renovation, rebirth, restoration.
    * * *
    2 (de casa) renovation; (de decoración) redecoration
    3 (de personal) reorganization
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) [de contrato, pasaporte, suscripción] renewal
    2) [de edificio] renovation
    3) [de partido, asamblea] clearout
    4) (=reanudación) renewal
    5) (Rel)
    * * *
    1) (de pasaporte, contrato) renewal
    2) ( del mobiliario) complete change; (de edificio, barrio) renovation
    3) (de organización, sistema) updating
    4) ( reanudación) renewal
    * * *
    = renew, renewal, refreshment, renovation, changing of the guard, facelift [face-lift], revamp, revamping, regeneration.
    Ex. Some terminals will be linked to telepens for issue, return and renew functions.
    Ex. Indeed, if they are not successful at such attempts toward renewal, dissolution and displacement are inevitable.
    Ex. Debates concerning the concept of 'information' emphasise several important aspects of the thought/speech relationship, pleading for the refreshment of scientific language.
    Ex. This is an interview with Hugh Hard of Hardy Holmzan Pfeiffer Associates, an architectural firm specializing in library design and renovation.
    Ex. The recent reorganization has resulted in a merger of the academic and public divisions and a changing of the guard among the company's top officials.
    Ex. The Web's full embrace of constant change means that even old friend sites may be unrecognisable after technology facelifts.
    Ex. The new version of search software amounts to a complete revamp rather than just an incremental upgrade.
    Ex. This is part of the company's revamping of its Web service aiming to bring users many benefits.
    Ex. Some Christian groups assert baptism is a requirement for salvation and sacrament for Christians, calling this 'baptismal regeneration'.
    ----
    * falta de renovación = non-renewal.
    * proyecto de renovación = renovation project.
    * renovación de certificado de aptitud = recertification.
    * renovación de fondos = turnover, stock turnover, turnover of stock.
    * renovación del préstamo = renewal.
    * renovación de personal = turnover, labour turnover.
    * renovación de préstamos = extended loan.
    * * *
    1) (de pasaporte, contrato) renewal
    2) ( del mobiliario) complete change; (de edificio, barrio) renovation
    3) (de organización, sistema) updating
    4) ( reanudación) renewal
    * * *
    = renew, renewal, refreshment, renovation, changing of the guard, facelift [face-lift], revamp, revamping, regeneration.

    Ex: Some terminals will be linked to telepens for issue, return and renew functions.

    Ex: Indeed, if they are not successful at such attempts toward renewal, dissolution and displacement are inevitable.
    Ex: Debates concerning the concept of 'information' emphasise several important aspects of the thought/speech relationship, pleading for the refreshment of scientific language.
    Ex: This is an interview with Hugh Hard of Hardy Holmzan Pfeiffer Associates, an architectural firm specializing in library design and renovation.
    Ex: The recent reorganization has resulted in a merger of the academic and public divisions and a changing of the guard among the company's top officials.
    Ex: The Web's full embrace of constant change means that even old friend sites may be unrecognisable after technology facelifts.
    Ex: The new version of search software amounts to a complete revamp rather than just an incremental upgrade.
    Ex: This is part of the company's revamping of its Web service aiming to bring users many benefits.
    Ex: Some Christian groups assert baptism is a requirement for salvation and sacrament for Christians, calling this 'baptismal regeneration'.
    * falta de renovación = non-renewal.
    * proyecto de renovación = renovation project.
    * renovación de certificado de aptitud = recertification.
    * renovación de fondos = turnover, stock turnover, turnover of stock.
    * renovación del préstamo = renewal.
    * renovación de personal = turnover, labour turnover.
    * renovación de préstamos = extended loan.

    * * *
    A (de un pasaporte, una suscripción) renewal
    B (del mobiliario) complete change; (de un edificio, barrio) renovation
    la renovación total del personal de la empresa the complete restaffing of the company
    la crema facilita la renovación celular the cream aids cell renewal
    C (puesta al día) updating
    D (reanudación) renewal
    se teme una renovación de los ataques contra objetivos civiles a renewed outbreak of attacks against civilian targets is feared
    * * *

     

    renovación sustantivo femenino
    a) (de pasaporte, contrato) renewal


    (de edificio, barrio) renovation
    c) (de organización, sistema) updating


    renovación sustantivo femenino
    1 (de un documento) renewal
    2 (de una casa, un edificio, etc) renovation
    3 Pol restructuring, reorganization
    4 (de equipamientos, sistemas) updating
    (de existencias, mobiliario, etc) complete change
    ' renovación' also found in these entries:
    English:
    facelift
    - redecoration
    - redevelopment
    - renewal
    - roll-over
    - renovation
    * * *
    1. [de mobiliario, local] renewal;
    se ha producido una renovación del personal changes have been made to the staff
    2. [de carné, contrato, suscripción] renewal
    3. [de ataques, esfuerzos] renewal
    4. [restauración] restoration
    5. [revitalización] revitalization
    6. Pol [reforma] reform
    * * *
    f renewal
    * * *
    1) : renewal
    renovación de un contrato: renewal of a contract
    2) : change, renovation

    Spanish-English dictionary > renovación

  • 6 arhitektonski

    adj architectural I - fakultet college/school of architecture; - biro architectural firm
    * * *
    • architectonic

    Hrvatski-Engleski rječnik > arhitektonski

  • 7 estudio2

    2 = review, scholarship, study [studies, -pl.], work, calibration, surveying, analysis [analyses, -pl.].
    Nota: Proceso de estudio de un todo para encontrar sus partes esenciales y las relaciones existentes entre ellas.
    Ex. The review is supported by a complete list of LIPs completed or in progess at Aug 88, followed by references to their reports.
    Ex. The most important of the functions of librarians is the collection, preservation and affording access to the materials of scholarship.
    Ex. A study of the major general schemes reveals a wide gulf between theory, as outlined in the previous chapter, and practice, as reflected in the major schemes.
    Ex. The Classification Research Group (CRG) has been a major force in the development of classification theory, and has made a major contribution towards work on a new general classification scheme.
    Ex. This requires careful calibration of reader response and the use of as many quantitative indices as possible.
    Ex. The author describes one effort made to counter this trend, through the surveying of the records of a library and the identification of materials to be preserved.
    Ex. The operation of investigating a whole with the aim of finding out its essential parts and their relationship to each other is known as analysis.
    ----
    * abandonar los estudios = drop out (from school), drop out of + school.
    * ámbito de estudio = scope.
    * área de estudio = study area, study area.
    * asignatura de estudios = curriculum subject.
    * beca de estudio(s) = study grant, education grant.
    * bolsa de estudios = bursary.
    * campo de estudio = field of study.
    * centro de apoyo a los programas de estudios = curriculum material center.
    * centro de estudios = study centre.
    * comisionar un estudio = commission + study.
    * compañero de estudios = co-student.
    * con estudios = schooled, educated, educated.
    * con estudios superiores = highly educated.
    * con un nivel de estudios alto = well educated [well-educated].
    * dejar los estudios = drop out (from school), drop out of + school.
    * desarrollo del plan de estudios = curriculum development.
    * disciplina de estudio = field of study.
    * diseñado para el estudio = curriculum-oriented.
    * diseño de planes de estudios = curriculum design.
    * edad de finalización de los estudios = terminal education age.
    * encargar un estudio = commission + study.
    * en el estudio = at study.
    * enseñanza a través del estudio de casos = case-teaching.
    * espacio reservado para el estudio = study space.
    * estudiante de bachiller que abandona los estudios = high-school dropout.
    * estudiante que ha completado los estudios secundarios = high school graduate, high school leaver.
    * estudiante universitario que abandona los estudios = college dropout.
    * estudio académico = academic study.
    * estudio basado en un cuestionario = questionnaire survey.
    * estudio bibliométrico = bibliometric analysis.
    * estudio cartográfico = ordnance survey.
    * estudio cinematográfico = film location, film studio.
    * estudio clásico = classic study.
    * estudio comparativo = correlation study.
    * estudio crítico del estado de la cuestión = review.
    * estudio cualitativo = qualitative study.
    * estudio cuantitativo = quantitative study.
    * estudio de alcance = scoping study.
    * estudio de arquitectos = architecture firm, architectural firm.
    * estudio de caso = case study.
    * estudio de impacto = impact study.
    * estudio de impacto en el medio ambiente = environmental impact study.
    * estudio de la productividad = time-and-motion study, time study, motion study.
    * estudio del estado de la cuestión = survey.
    * estudio de los himnos = hymnology.
    * estudio Delphi = Delphi study.
    * estudio de mercado = market survey, market research, marketing audit, consumer research.
    * estudio de seguimiento = follow-up study.
    * estudio de usabilidad = usability study.
    * estudio de uso = use study.
    * estudio de usuario = reader survey, consumer survey, customer survey.
    * estudio de usuarios = user study, marketing audit, user survey.
    * estudio de usuarios de la biblioteca = library user study.
    * estudio de viabilidad = demonstration project, feasibility study.
    * estudio epidemiológico = epidemiological study.
    * estudio geológico = geological survey.
    * estudio local = area study.
    * estudio longitudinal = longitudinal study.
    * estudio piloto = pilot study, pilot test.
    * estudio por simulación = simulation study.
    * estudio regional = area study.
    * estudios = academic background, course of study, educational career.
    * estudios africanos = African studies.
    * estudios afroamericanos = black studies.
    * estudios culturales = cultural studies.
    * estudios de administración = management studies.
    * estudios de auxiliar administrativo = information administration.
    * estudios de gestión = management science.
    * estudios de la mujer = women's studies, gender studies.
    * estudios de la paz y los conflictos = peace and conflict studies.
    * estudios de licenciatura = graduate work, graduate education.
    * estudios de literatura clásica = classical studies.
    * estudios del medio ambiente = environmental studies.
    * estudios de secretariado = secretarial studies.
    * estudios de tipografía = typographical studies.
    * estudios empresariales = business studies.
    * estudios en el extranjero = study abroad.
    * estudios europeos = European studies.
    * estudio sicométrico = psychometric study.
    * estudios literarios = literary studies.
    * estudios relacionados con las misiones religiosas = missiology.
    * estudios sobre la mujer = women's studies, gender studies.
    * estudios sobre paz y conflictos = peace and conflict studies.
    * estudios sociales = cultural studies.
    * estudios socioculturales = cultural studies.
    * estudio topográfico = surveying.
    * estudio universitario = academic study.
    * finalización de los estudios = graduation.
    * finalizar los estudios de BUP = complete + high school.
    * grupo de estudio = study circle.
    * habitación de estudio = private study, study facilities.
    * institución para el estudio y la conservación del patrimonio cult = heritage organisation.
    * libro de estudio = study book.
    * materia de estudio = subject of study.
    * material de estudio = study material, course material, curriculum material, curriculum resource, study package.
    * mesa de estudio = carrel, study table.
    * mesa individual de estudio = study carrel.
    * metodología de estudio = study skills.
    * nivel de estudios = educational background, level of education.
    * objeto de estudio = subject, object of study, under study.
    * partitura de estudio = miniature score.
    * permiso de estudios = study leave.
    * persona que elabora el plan de estudios = syllabus maker.
    * plan de estudios = curriculum [curricula, -pl.], syllabus [syllabi/syllabuses, -pl.], school curriculum, study plan.
    * planes de estudios = syllabi.
    * primer año de estudios superiores = freshman year.
    * programa de estudio = programme of study.
    * programa de estudios = course brochure, educational program(me), school program(me), study program(me), syllabus [syllabi/syllabuses, -pl.], education programme.
    * programa de estudios común = common core syllabus.
    * programas de estudios = syllabi.
    * realización de los estudios escolares en casa = homeschooling [home schooling].
    * realizar estudios = do + study.
    * realizar un estudio = carry out + survey, conduct + survey, undertake + study, undertake + survey, conduct + study.
    * realizar un estudio evaluativo = conduct + review.
    * reforma del plan de estudios = curriculum development.
    * relacionado con los estudios = course-related.
    * relativo a los estudios de diplomatura = undergrad (undergraduate).
    * relativo a los estudios de licenciatura = grad (graduate), postgraduate [post-graduate].
    * sala de estudio = study facilities, study room.
    * sin estudios = ill-educated.
    * técnicas de estudio = study skills.
    * tema de estudio = study area, under study.
    * terminar los estudios = graduate.
    * tiempo de estudio = study time.
    * unidad de estudio = unit of study, study unit.
    * viaje de estudio = study trip.
    * zona de estudio = study area, study facilities.

    Spanish-English dictionary > estudio2

  • 8 estudio

    m.
    1 study.
    ha dedicado muchos años al estudio del tema she has studied the subject for many years
    estar en estudio to be under consideration
    estudio de campo field study
    estudio de viabilidad feasibility study
    2 study (oficina).
    3 studio (Cine, Rad & TV).
    los estudios de la Metro the Metro studios
    estudio de grabación recording studio
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: estudiar.
    * * *
    1 (gen) study
    2 (encuesta) survey, study; (investigación) research
    3 (apartamento) studio flat (US apartment), bedsit
    4 (sala) studio
    1 (conocimientos) studies, education sing
    \
    cursar estudios to study
    dar estudios a alguien to pay for somebody's education
    dedicarse al estudio de algo to study something
    estar algo en estudio to be under consideration
    hacer estudios to study
    tener estudios to be well-educated
    estudio de grabación recording studio
    estudio de mercado market research
    estudio de televisión television studio
    * * *
    noun m.
    3) den
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=investigación) study

    estudio de desplazamientos y tiempos — (Com) time and motion study

    bolsa 9), plan 2)
    2) (=actividad investigadora) study
    3) (=análisis) [de intención de voto, edificio] survey

    • estar en estudio — to be under consideration

    4) pl estudios (=educación) education sing

    • cursar estudios de algo — to study sth

    • dejar los estudios — (Escol) to drop out of school; (Univ) to drop out of university

    • tener estudios — to have an education, be educated

    5) (=erudición) learning
    6) (Arte, Mús) study

    un estudio de piano — a study o étude for piano

    7) (=lugar de trabajo)
    a) [en una casa] study
    b) [profesional] [de artista, arquitecto] studio; Cono Sur [de abogado] office
    c) (Cine, Radio, TV) studio

    estudio cinematográfico, estudio de cine — film studio

    estudio de fotografía — photographer's studio, photographic studio

    8) (=apartamento) studio, studio flat
    * * *
    1)
    a) (Educ) ( actividad)

    primero está el estudio — your studies o work must come first

    b) (investigación, análisis) study
    c) (de asunto, caso) consideration

    está en o (RPl) a estudio en el Parlamento — it is being considered in parliament

    2) ( lugar)
    a) ( de artista) studio; ( de arquitecto) office, studio; ( de abogado) (CS) office
    b) (Cin, Rad, TV) studio
    c) ( en casa) study; ( apartamento) studio apartment
    3) (Mús, Art) study
    4) estudios masculino plural (Educ) education

    estudios primarios/superiores — primary/higher education

    * * *
    1)
    a) (Educ) ( actividad)

    primero está el estudio — your studies o work must come first

    b) (investigación, análisis) study
    c) (de asunto, caso) consideration

    está en o (RPl) a estudio en el Parlamento — it is being considered in parliament

    2) ( lugar)
    a) ( de artista) studio; ( de arquitecto) office, studio; ( de abogado) (CS) office
    b) (Cin, Rad, TV) studio
    c) ( en casa) study; ( apartamento) studio apartment
    3) (Mús, Art) study
    4) estudios masculino plural (Educ) education

    estudios primarios/superiores — primary/higher education

    * * *
    estudio1
    1 = studio.

    Ex: The author describes the design of the new studios which aim to be as flexible as possible.

    * estudio de cine = film location, film studio.
    * estudio de grabación = recording studio, sound recording studio.
    * estudio de música = music studio.
    * estudio de radio = radio studio.
    * estudio de televisión = television studio.
    * estudio discográfico = record studio.
    * filmar en el estudio = film in + the studio.
    * grabar en el estudio = film in + the studio.
    * rodar en el estudio = film in + the studio.

    estudio2
    2 = review, scholarship, study [studies, -pl.], work, calibration, surveying, analysis [analyses, -pl.].
    Nota: Proceso de estudio de un todo para encontrar sus partes esenciales y las relaciones existentes entre ellas.

    Ex: The review is supported by a complete list of LIPs completed or in progess at Aug 88, followed by references to their reports.

    Ex: The most important of the functions of librarians is the collection, preservation and affording access to the materials of scholarship.
    Ex: A study of the major general schemes reveals a wide gulf between theory, as outlined in the previous chapter, and practice, as reflected in the major schemes.
    Ex: The Classification Research Group (CRG) has been a major force in the development of classification theory, and has made a major contribution towards work on a new general classification scheme.
    Ex: This requires careful calibration of reader response and the use of as many quantitative indices as possible.
    Ex: The author describes one effort made to counter this trend, through the surveying of the records of a library and the identification of materials to be preserved.
    Ex: The operation of investigating a whole with the aim of finding out its essential parts and their relationship to each other is known as analysis.
    * abandonar los estudios = drop out (from school), drop out of + school.
    * ámbito de estudio = scope.
    * área de estudio = study area, study area.
    * asignatura de estudios = curriculum subject.
    * beca de estudio(s) = study grant, education grant.
    * bolsa de estudios = bursary.
    * campo de estudio = field of study.
    * centro de apoyo a los programas de estudios = curriculum material center.
    * centro de estudios = study centre.
    * comisionar un estudio = commission + study.
    * compañero de estudios = co-student.
    * con estudios = schooled, educated, educated.
    * con estudios superiores = highly educated.
    * con un nivel de estudios alto = well educated [well-educated].
    * dejar los estudios = drop out (from school), drop out of + school.
    * desarrollo del plan de estudios = curriculum development.
    * disciplina de estudio = field of study.
    * diseñado para el estudio = curriculum-oriented.
    * diseño de planes de estudios = curriculum design.
    * edad de finalización de los estudios = terminal education age.
    * encargar un estudio = commission + study.
    * en el estudio = at study.
    * enseñanza a través del estudio de casos = case-teaching.
    * espacio reservado para el estudio = study space.
    * estudiante de bachiller que abandona los estudios = high-school dropout.
    * estudiante que ha completado los estudios secundarios = high school graduate, high school leaver.
    * estudiante universitario que abandona los estudios = college dropout.
    * estudio académico = academic study.
    * estudio basado en un cuestionario = questionnaire survey.
    * estudio bibliométrico = bibliometric analysis.
    * estudio cartográfico = ordnance survey.
    * estudio cinematográfico = film location, film studio.
    * estudio clásico = classic study.
    * estudio comparativo = correlation study.
    * estudio crítico del estado de la cuestión = review.
    * estudio cualitativo = qualitative study.
    * estudio cuantitativo = quantitative study.
    * estudio de alcance = scoping study.
    * estudio de arquitectos = architecture firm, architectural firm.
    * estudio de caso = case study.
    * estudio de impacto = impact study.
    * estudio de impacto en el medio ambiente = environmental impact study.
    * estudio de la productividad = time-and-motion study, time study, motion study.
    * estudio del estado de la cuestión = survey.
    * estudio de los himnos = hymnology.
    * estudio Delphi = Delphi study.
    * estudio de mercado = market survey, market research, marketing audit, consumer research.
    * estudio de seguimiento = follow-up study.
    * estudio de usabilidad = usability study.
    * estudio de uso = use study.
    * estudio de usuario = reader survey, consumer survey, customer survey.
    * estudio de usuarios = user study, marketing audit, user survey.
    * estudio de usuarios de la biblioteca = library user study.
    * estudio de viabilidad = demonstration project, feasibility study.
    * estudio epidemiológico = epidemiological study.
    * estudio geológico = geological survey.
    * estudio local = area study.
    * estudio longitudinal = longitudinal study.
    * estudio piloto = pilot study, pilot test.
    * estudio por simulación = simulation study.
    * estudio regional = area study.
    * estudios = academic background, course of study, educational career.
    * estudios africanos = African studies.
    * estudios afroamericanos = black studies.
    * estudios culturales = cultural studies.
    * estudios de administración = management studies.
    * estudios de auxiliar administrativo = information administration.
    * estudios de gestión = management science.
    * estudios de la mujer = women's studies, gender studies.
    * estudios de la paz y los conflictos = peace and conflict studies.
    * estudios de licenciatura = graduate work, graduate education.
    * estudios de literatura clásica = classical studies.
    * estudios del medio ambiente = environmental studies.
    * estudios de secretariado = secretarial studies.
    * estudios de tipografía = typographical studies.
    * estudios empresariales = business studies.
    * estudios en el extranjero = study abroad.
    * estudios europeos = European studies.
    * estudio sicométrico = psychometric study.
    * estudios literarios = literary studies.
    * estudios relacionados con las misiones religiosas = missiology.
    * estudios sobre la mujer = women's studies, gender studies.
    * estudios sobre paz y conflictos = peace and conflict studies.
    * estudios sociales = cultural studies.
    * estudios socioculturales = cultural studies.
    * estudio topográfico = surveying.
    * estudio universitario = academic study.
    * finalización de los estudios = graduation.
    * finalizar los estudios de BUP = complete + high school.
    * grupo de estudio = study circle.
    * habitación de estudio = private study, study facilities.
    * institución para el estudio y la conservación del patrimonio cult = heritage organisation.
    * libro de estudio = study book.
    * materia de estudio = subject of study.
    * material de estudio = study material, course material, curriculum material, curriculum resource, study package.
    * mesa de estudio = carrel, study table.
    * mesa individual de estudio = study carrel.
    * metodología de estudio = study skills.
    * nivel de estudios = educational background, level of education.
    * objeto de estudio = subject, object of study, under study.
    * partitura de estudio = miniature score.
    * permiso de estudios = study leave.
    * persona que elabora el plan de estudios = syllabus maker.
    * plan de estudios = curriculum [curricula, -pl.], syllabus [syllabi/syllabuses, -pl.], school curriculum, study plan.
    * planes de estudios = syllabi.
    * primer año de estudios superiores = freshman year.
    * programa de estudio = programme of study.
    * programa de estudios = course brochure, educational program(me), school program(me), study program(me), syllabus [syllabi/syllabuses, -pl.], education programme.
    * programa de estudios común = common core syllabus.
    * programas de estudios = syllabi.
    * realización de los estudios escolares en casa = homeschooling [home schooling].
    * realizar estudios = do + study.
    * realizar un estudio = carry out + survey, conduct + survey, undertake + study, undertake + survey, conduct + study.
    * realizar un estudio evaluativo = conduct + review.
    * reforma del plan de estudios = curriculum development.
    * relacionado con los estudios = course-related.
    * relativo a los estudios de diplomatura = undergrad (undergraduate).
    * relativo a los estudios de licenciatura = grad (graduate), postgraduate [post-graduate].
    * sala de estudio = study facilities, study room.
    * sin estudios = ill-educated.
    * técnicas de estudio = study skills.
    * tema de estudio = study area, under study.
    * terminar los estudios = graduate.
    * tiempo de estudio = study time.
    * unidad de estudio = unit of study, study unit.
    * viaje de estudio = study trip.
    * zona de estudio = study area, study facilities.

    * * *
    A
    1 ( Educ)
    (actividad): primero está el estudio y después la diversión your studies o work o studying must come first, then you can enjoy yourself
    2
    (investigación, análisis): el estudio de la fauna de la zona the study of the area's fauna
    realizó un estudio sobre la mortalidad infantil she carried out a survey o study on infant mortality
    le hicieron un estudio hormonal she had a series of hormone tests done
    3 (de un asunto, caso) consideration
    le presentaron un nuevo proyecto para su estudio they put forward a new plan for his consideration
    está en o ( RPl) a estudio en el Parlamento it is being considered in parliament
    Compuestos:
    field study
    market research
    1 (de un artista) studio; (de un arquitecto) office, studio; (de un abogado) (CS) office
    2 ( Cin, Rad, TV) studio
    la película se realizará íntegramente en estudios the movie will be made entirely in the studio
    4 (apartamento) studio apartment o ( BrE) flat
    Compuestos:
    recording studio
    photographic studio
    ( RPl) (oficina) lawyer's office; (grupo) legal practise*
    C
    1 ( Mús) study, étude
    2 ( Art) study
    D estudios mpl ( Educ) education
    estudios primarios/superiores primary/higher education
    está cursando estudios de especialización she is doing her specialization
    se sacrificó para darle estudios a su hijo she made a lot of sacrifices to give her son an education o to put her son through school
    para ese trabajo no hace falta tener estudios you don't need a degree for that job
    ¿por qué dejaste los estudios? why did you give up your studies?, why did you quit school? ( AmE)
    * * *

     

    Del verbo estudiar: ( conjugate estudiar)

    estudio es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    estudió es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    estudiar    
    estudio
    estudiar ( conjugate estudiar) verbo transitivo
    1
    a) ‹ asignatura› to study;

    ( en la universidad) to study, read (frml);
    ◊ ¿qué carrera estudió? what subject did he do at college/university?


    c) ‹lección/tablas› to learn

    2 ( observar) ‹rostro/comportamiento› to study
    3 (considerar, analizar) ‹mercado/situación/proyecto› to study;
    ‹ propuesta› to study, consider;
    ‹ causas› to look into, investigate
    verbo intransitivo
    to study;

    debes estudio más you must work harder;
    dejó de estudio a los 15 años she left school at 15;
    estudio para algo to study to be sth
    estudiarse verbo pronominal ( enf) ‹ lección› to study;

    ‹ papel› to learn
    estudio sustantivo masculino
    1
    a) (Educ) ( actividad):

    ◊ primero está el estudio studying o your studies o work must come first

    b) (investigación, análisis) study;


    c) (de asunto, caso) consideration;


    2 ( lugar)

    ( de arquitecto) office, studio
    b) (Cin, Rad, TV) studio

    c) ( en casa) study;

    ( apartamento) studio apartment
    3
    ◊ estudios sustantivo masculino plural (Educ) education;

    estudios superiores higher education;
    quiso darle estudios a su hijo she wanted to give her son an education;
    tener estudios superiores to have a degree;
    dejar los estudios to give up one's studies
    estudiar verbo transitivo & verbo intransitivo to study: estudia para abogado, she's studying to become a lawyer ➣ Ver nota en study
    estudio sustantivo masculino
    1 study: todas las tardes dedico tres horas al estudio, I spend three hours studying every afternoon
    2 (investigación) research
    estudio de mercado, market research
    3 (sala) studio
    estudio fotográfico, photographic studio
    4 (apartamento) studio (flat)
    5 Educ estudios, studies
    (educación) education
    tener estudios, to have an education
    ' estudio' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    geológica
    - geológico
    - grafológica
    - grafológico
    - interdisciplinaria
    - interdisciplinario
    - investigación
    - robar
    - sanctasanctórum
    - cabina
    - concienzudo
    - despacho
    - detallado
    - detenido
    - ecológico
    - elaborar
    - especialidad
    - estadística
    - estudiar
    - examen
    - fondo
    - hispanismo
    - laguna
    - objeto
    - terminar
    English:
    bedsit
    - bedsitter
    - breakdown
    - case study
    - comprehensive
    - consideration
    - den
    - economics
    - ESL
    - ESP
    - horticulture
    - invalid
    - market research
    - pilot study
    - province
    - review
    - rocketry
    - studio
    - studio flat
    - study
    - wide-ranging
    - case
    - curriculum
    - feasibility
    - field
    - investigation
    - market
    - survey
    * * *
    1. [actividad] study;
    ha dedicado muchos años al estudio del tema she has studied the subject for many years;
    estar en estudio to be under consideration
    estudio de mercado [técnica] market research; [investigación] market survey
    2. [investigación] study;
    ha publicado un estudio sobre el tema she's published a study on the subject;
    hacer un estudio de algo to survey sth;
    le hicieron un estudio de la flora intestinal they investigated the composition of her intestinal flora
    estudio de campo field study;
    estudio geológico geological survey;
    estudio de impacto ambiental environmental impact study;
    estudio de viabilidad feasibility study
    3.
    estudios [educación] studies;
    el niño va muy bien en los estudios the boy is doing very well at school;
    al terminar sus estudios en Viena, viajó a París on completing his studies in Vienna he travelled to Paris;
    dar estudios a alguien to pay for o finance sb's education;
    dejó los estudios a los quince años he left school at fifteen;
    tener estudios to be educated
    estudios de posgrado postgraduate studies o education;
    estudios primarios primary education;
    estudios secundarios secondary education;
    estudios superiores higher education
    4. [despacho] study;
    [de fotógrafo, pintor, arquitecto] studio; RP [de abogado] practice
    5. [apartamento] studio Br flat o US apartment
    6. Cine, Rad & TV studio;
    los estudios de la Metro the Metro studios
    estudio de grabación recording studio
    7. Arte study
    8. Mús étude, study;
    estudio para piano piano study
    * * *
    m
    1 disciplina study
    2 apartamento studio, Br
    studio flat
    3 de cine, música studio
    4
    :
    estudios (universitarios) pl university education sg ;
    tener estudios have a degree;
    una persona sin estudios a person with no formal education
    * * *
    1) : study
    2) : studio
    3) estudios nmpl
    : studies, education
    * * *
    1. (en general) study [pl. studies]
    2. (apartamento) studio flat
    3. (de televisión, cine) studio

    Spanish-English dictionary > estudio

  • 9 архитектурное бюро

    1) General subject: architect bureau
    2) Commerce: architectural firm

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > архитектурное бюро

  • 10 Brisbin, Brook, Beynon

    Abbreviation: (architectural firm) BBB

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Brisbin, Brook, Beynon

  • 11 Architektengruppe

    f.
    architectural firm n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Architektengruppe

  • 12 Architektengruppe

    f
    architectural firm

    Deutsch-Englisches Wörterbuch > Architektengruppe

  • 13 Lubetkin, Berthold

    [br]
    b. 12 December 1901 Tiflis, Georgia
    d. 23 October 1990 Bristol, England
    [br]
    Soviet émigré architect who, through the firm of Tecton, wins influential in introducing architecture of the modern international style into England.
    [br]
    Lubetkin studied in Moscow, where in the years immediately after 1917 he met Vesnin and Rodchenko and absorbed the contemporary Constructivist ideas. He then moved on to Paris and worked with Auguste Perret, coming in on the ground floor of the modern movement. He went to England in 1930 and two years later formed the Tecton group, leading six young architects who had newly graduated from the Architectural Association in London. Lubetkin's early commissions in England were for animals rather than humans. He designed the gorilla house (1932) at the Regent's Park Zoological Gardens, after which came his award-winning Penguin Pool there, a sculptural blend of curved planes in reinforced concrete. He also worked at Whipsnade and at Dudley Zoo. The name of Tecton had quickly became synonymous with modern methods of design and structure, particularly the use of reinforced concrete; such work was not common in the 1930s in Britain. In 1938–9 the firm was responsible for another pace-setting design, the Finsbury Health Centre in London. Tecton was disbanded during the Second World War, and although it was reformed in the late 1940s it did not recover its initiative in leading the field of modern work. Lubetkin lived on to be an old man but his post-war career did not fulfil his earlier promise and brilliance. He was appointed Architect-Planner of the Peterlee New Town in 1948, but he resigned after a few years and no other notable commissions materialized. In 1982 the Royal Institute of British Architects belatedly remembered him with the award of their Gold Medal.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    RIBA Gold Medal 1982.
    Further Reading
    John Allan, 1992, Architecture and the Tradition of Progress, RIBA publications. R.Furneaux Jordan, 1955, "Lubetkin", Architectural Review 36–44.
    P.Coe and M.Reading, 1981, Lubetkin and Tecton, University of Bristol Arts Council.
    DY

    Biographical history of technology > Lubetkin, Berthold

  • 14 Lever, William Hesketh

    [br]
    b. 19 September 1851 Bolton, Lancashire, England
    d. 7 May 1925 Hampstead, London, England
    [br]
    English manufacturer of soap.
    [br]
    William Hesketh Lever was the son of the retail grocer James Lever, who built up the large wholesale firm of Lever \& Co. in the north-west of England. William entered the firm at the age of 19 as a commercial traveller, and in the course of his work studied the techniques of manufacture and the quality of commercial soaps available at the time. He decided that he would concentrate on the production of a soap that was not evil-smelling, would lather easily and be attractively packaged. In 1884 he produced Sunlight Soap, which became the trade mark for Lever \& Co. He had each tablet wrapped, partly to protect the soap from oxygenization and thus prevent it from becoming rancid, and partly to display his brand name as a form of advertising. In 1885 he raised a large capital sum, purchased the Soap Factory in Warrington of Winser \& Co., and began manufacture. His product contained oils from copra, palm and cotton blended with tallow and resin, and its quality was carefully monitored during production. In a short time it was in great demand and began to replace the previously available alternatives of home-made soap and poor-quality, unpleasant-smelling bars.
    It soon became necessary to expand the firm's premises, and in 1887 Lever purchased fifty-six acres of land upon which he set up a new centre of manufacture. This was in the Wirral in Cheshire, near the banks of the River Mersey. Production at the new factory, which was called Port Sunlight, began in January 1889. Lever introduced a number of technical improvements in the production process, including the heating systems and the recovery of glycerine (which could later be sold) from the boiling process.
    Like Sir Titus Salt of Saltaire before him, Lever believed it to be in the interest of the firm to house his workers in a high standard of building and comfort close to the factory.
    By the early twentieth century he had created Port Sunlight Village, one of the earliest and certainly the most impressive housing estates, for his employees. Architecturally the estate is highly successful, being built from a variety of natural materials and vernacular styles by a number of distinguished architects, so preventing an overall architectural monotony. The comprehensive estate comprises, in addition to the factory and houses, a church, an art gallery, schools, a cottage hospital, library, bank, fire station, post office and shops, as well as an inn and working men's institute, both of which were later additions. In 1894 Lever \& Co. went public and soon was amalgamated with other soap firms. It was at its most successful high point by 1910.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    First Viscount Leverhulme of the Western Isles.
    Further Reading
    1985, Dictionary of Business Biography. Butterworth.
    Ian Campbell Bradley, 1987, Enlightened Entrepreneurs, London: Weidenfeld \& Nicolson.
    DY

    Biographical history of technology > Lever, William Hesketh

  • 15 Sullivan, Louis Henry

    [br]
    b. 3 September 1856 Boston, Massachusetts, USA
    d. 14 April 1924 Chicago, Illinois, USA
    [br]
    American architect whose work came to be known as the "Chicago School of Architecture" and who created a new style of architecture suited specifically to steel-frame, high-rise structures.
    [br]
    Sullivan, a Bostonian, studied at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Soon he joined his parents, who had moved to Chicago, and worked for a while in the office of William Le Baron Jenney, the pioneer of steel-frame construction. After spending some time studying at the Ecole des Beaux Arts in Paris, in 1875 Sullivan returned to Chicago, where he later met and worked for the Danish architect Dankmar Adler, who was practising there. In 1881 the two architects became partners, and during the succeeding fifteen years they produced their finest work and the buildings for which Sullivan is especially known.
    During the early 1880s in Chicago, load-bearing, metal-framework structures that made lofty skyscrapers possible had been developed (see Jenney and Holabird). Louis H.Sullivan initiated building design to stress and complement the metal structure rather than hide it. Moving onwards from H.H.Richardson's treatment of his Marshall Field Wholesale Store in Chicago, Sullivan took the concept several stages further. His first outstanding work, built with Adler in 1886–9, was the Auditorium Building in Chicago. The exterior, in particular, was derived largely from Richardson's Field Store, and the building—now restored—is of bold but simple design, massively built in granite and stone, its form stressing the structure beneath. The architects' reputation was established with this building.
    The firm of Sullivan \& Adler established itself during the early 1890s, when they built their most famous skyscrapers. Adler was largely responsible for the structure, the acoustics and function, while Sullivan was responsible for the architectural design, concerning himself particularly with the limitation and careful handling of ornament. In 1892 he published his ideas in Ornament in Architecture, where he preached restraint in its quality and disposition. He established himself as a master of design in the building itself, producing a rhythmic simplicity of form, closely related to the structural shape beneath. The two great examples of this successful approach were the Wainwright Building in St Louis, Missouri (1890–1) and the Guaranty Building in Buffalo, New York (1894–5). The Wainwright Building was a ten-storeyed structure built in stone and brick and decorated with terracotta. The vertical line was stressed throughout but especially at the corners, where pilasters were wider. These rose unbroken to an Art Nouveau type of decorative frieze and a deeply projecting cornice above. The thirteen-storeyed Guaranty Building is Sullivan's masterpiece, a simple, bold, finely proportioned and essentially modern structure. The pilaster verticals are even more boldly stressed and decoration is at a minimum. In the twentieth century the almost free-standing supporting pillars on the ground floor have come to be called pilotis. As late as the 1920s, particularly in New York, the architectural style and decoration of skyscrapers remained traditionally eclectic, based chiefly upon Gothic or classical forms; in view of this, Sullivan's Guaranty Building was far ahead of its time.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    Article by Louis H.Sullivan. Address delivered to architectural students June 1899, published in Canadian Architecture Vol. 18(7):52–3.
    Further Reading
    Hugh Morrison, 1962, Louis Sullivan: Prophet of Modern Architecture.
    Willard Connely, 1961, Louis Sullivan as He Lived, New York: Horizon Press.
    DY

    Biographical history of technology > Sullivan, Louis Henry

  • 16 Cubitt, Thomas

    [br]
    b. 25 February 1788 Buxton, Norfolk, England
    d. 20 December 1855 Dorking, Surrey, England
    [br]
    English master builder and founder of the first building firm of modern type.
    [br]
    He started his working life as a carpenter at a time when work in different trades such as bricklaying, masonry, carpentry and plumbing was subcontracted. The system had worked well enough until about 1800, but when large-scale development was required, as in the nineteenth century, it showed itself to be inefficient and slow. To avoid long delays in building, Cubitt bought land and established workshops, founding a firm that employed all the craftsmen necessary to the building trade on a permanent-wage basis. To keep his firm financially solvent he had to provide continuous work for his staff, which he achieved by large-scale, speculative building even while maintaining high architectural standards.
    Cubitt performed a major service to London, with many of his houses, squares and terraces still surviving as sound and elegant as they were over 150 years ago in the large estates he laid out. His most ambitious enterprise was Belgravia, where he built 200 imposing houses for the aristocracy upon an area of previously swampy land that he leased from Lord Grosvenor. His houses expose as inferior much of the later phases of development which surround them. All his life Cubitt used his influence to combat the abuses of architecture, building and living standards to which speculative building is heir. He was especially interested in drainage, smoke control and London's sewage arrangement, and constantly worked to improve these. He supplied first-class amenities in the way of land drainage, sewage disposal, street lighting and roads, and his own houses were soundly built, pleasant to live in and created to last.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    Hermione Hobhouse, 1971, Thomas Cubitt: Master Builder, Macmillan.
    Henry Russell-Hitchcock, 1976, Early Victorian Architecture, 2 vols, New York: Da Capo.
    DY

    Biographical history of technology > Cubitt, Thomas

  • 17 Holabird, William

    [br]
    b. 11 September 1854 American Union, New York, USA
    d. 19 July 1923 Evanston, Illinois, USA
    [br]
    American architect who contributed to the development of steel framing, a type of structure that rendered possible the erection of the skyscraper.
    [br]
    The American skyscraper was, in the 1870s and 1880s, very much the creation of what came to be known as the Chicago school of architecture. It was the most important American contribution to the urban architectural scene. At this time conditions were ripe for this type of office development, and in the big cities, notably Chicago and New York, steeply rising land values provided the incentive to build high; the structural means to do so had been triggered by the then low costs of making quality iron and steel. The skyscraper appeared after the invention of the passenger lift by Otis and the pioneer steel-frame work of Jenney. In 1875 Holabird was working in Jenney's office in Chicago. By 1883 he had set up in private practice, joined by another young architect, Martin Roche (1855–1927), and together they were responsible for the Tacoma Building (1887–9) in Chicago. In this structure the two front façades were entirely non-load-bearing and were carried by an internal steel skeleton; only the rear walls were load-bearing. The design of the building was not revolutionary (this had to wait for L.H. Sullivan) but was traditional in form. It was the possibility of being able to avoid load-bearing outer walls that enabled a building to rise above some nine storeys, and the thirteen-storeyed Tacoma Building pointed the way to the future development of the skyscraper. The firm of Holabird \& Roche continued in the following decades in Chicago to design and construct further high-quality, although lower, commercial buildings such as those in South Michigan Avenue and the McClurg Building. However, they are best remembered for their contribution in engineering to the development of high-rise construction.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    F.Mujica, 1929, History of the Skyscraper, Paris: Archaeology and Architecture Press. C.W.Condit, 1964, The Chicago School of Architecture: A History of Commercial and
    Public Building in the Chicago Area 1875–1925, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. J.W.Rudd (compiler), 1966, Holabird and Roche: Chicago Architects, American Association of Architectural Bibliographers.
    DY

    Biographical history of technology > Holabird, William

  • 18 Architekturbüro

    n
    1. architect's office
    2. architectural office
    3. architectural practice
    4. architecture firm

    Deutsch-Englisches Wörterbuch > Architekturbüro

  • 19 Coade, Eleanor

    [br]
    b. 24 June 1733 Exeter, Devon, England
    d. 18 November 1821 Camberwell, London, England
    [br]
    English proprietor of the Coade Factory, making artificial stone.
    [br]
    Born Elinor Coade, she never married but adopted, as was customary in business in the eighteenth century, the courtesy title of Mrs. Following the bankruptcy and death of her father, George Coade, in Exeter, Eleanor and her mother (also called Eleanor) moved to London and founded the works at Lambeth, South London, in 1769 that later became famous as the Coade factory. The factory was located at King's Arms Stairs, Narrow Wall. During the eighteenth century, several attempts had been made in other businesses to manufacture a durable, malleable artificial stone that would be acceptable to architects for decorative use. These substances were not very successful, but Coade stone was different. Although stories are legion about the secret formula supposedly used in this artificial stone, modern methods have established the exact formula.
    Coade stone was a stoneware ceramic material fired in a kiln. The body was remarkable in that it shrank only 8 per cent in drying and firing: this was achieved by using a combination of china clay, sand, crushed glass and grog (i.e. crushed and ground, previously fired stoneware). The Coade formula thus included a considerable proportion of material that, having been fired once already, was unshrinkable. Mrs Coade's name for the firm, Coade's Lithodipyra Terra-Cotta or Artificial Stone Manufactory (where "Lithodipyra" is a term derived from three Greek words meaning "stone", "twice" and "fire"), made reference to the custom of including such material (such as in Josiah Wedgwood's basalt and jasper ware). The especially low rate of shrinkage rendered the material ideal for making extra-life-size statuary, and large architectural, decorative features to be incorporated into stone buildings.
    Coade stone was widely used for such purposes by leading architects in Britain and Ireland from the 1770s until the 1830s, including Robert Adam, Sir Charles Barry, Sir William Chambers, Sir John Soane, John Nash and James Wyatt. Some architects introduced the material abroad, as far as, for example, Charles Bulfinch's United States Bank in Boston, Massachusetts, and Charles Cameron's redecoration for the Empress Catherine of the great palace Tsarkoe Selo (now Pushkin), near St Petersburg. The material so resembles stone that it is often mistaken for it, but it is so hard and resistant to weather that it retains sharpness of detail much longer than the natural substance. The many famous British buildings where Coade stone was used include the Royal Hospital, Chelsea, Carlton House and the Sir John Soane Museum (all of which are located in London), St George's Chapel at Windsor, Alnwick Castle in Northumberland, and Culzean Castle in Ayrshire, Scotland.
    Apart from the qualities of the material, the Coade firm established a high reputation for the equally fine quality of its classical statuary. Mrs Coade employed excellent craftsmen such as the sculptor John Bacon (1740–99), whose work was mass-produced by the use of moulds. One famous example which was widely reproduced was the female caryatid from the south porch of the Erechtheion on the acropolis of Athens. A drawing of this had appeared in the second edition of Stuart and Revett's Antiquities of Athens in 1789, and many copies were made from the original Coade model; Soane used them more than once, for example on the Bank of England and his own houses in London.
    Eleanor Coade was a remarkable woman, and was important and influential on the neo-classical scene. She had close and amicable relations with leading architects of the day, notably Robert Adam and James Wyatt. The Coade factory was enlarged and altered over the years, but the site was finally cleared during 1949–50 in preparation for the establishment of the 1951 Festival of Britain.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    A.Kelly, 1990, Mrs Coade's Stone, pub. in conjunction with the Georgian Group (an interesting, carefully written history; includes a detailed appendix on architects who used Coade stone and buildings where surviving work may be seen).
    DY

    Biographical history of technology > Coade, Eleanor

  • 20 architectenbureau

    1 architectural/architect's firm

    Van Dale Handwoordenboek Nederlands-Engels > architectenbureau

Страницы
  • 1
  • 2

См. также в других словарях:

  • Architectural firm — History Architects (master builders) have existed since early in recorded history. The earliest recorded architects include Imhotep (c. 2600 BCE) and Senemut (c. 1470 BCE). No writings exist to describe how these architects performed their work.… …   Wikipedia

  • Firm — or The Firm can have several meanings:*Any business entity such as a corporation, partnership or sole proprietorship. This more general meaning is used in macroeconomics (in terms such as ideal firm size). *The word firm is sometimes used in a… …   Wikipedia

  • architectural — UK US /ˌɑːkɪˈtektʃərəl/ adjective PROPERTY ► relating to the design of buildings: » architectural firm »Several architectural styles are being considered for the proposed housing development. »Ground Zero is the most emotive architectural project …   Financial and business terms

  • Architectural designer — An architectural designer is an architect that is primarily involved in the design of buildings or urban landscapes, as opposed to the construction documents and management required to construct it. Architectural designers have good creative… …   Wikipedia

  • Architectural technologist — The Architectural Technologist , also known as a Building Technologist, provides building design services and solutions and is trained in architectural technology, building design and construction. They apply the science of architecture and… …   Wikipedia

  • Architectural Resources Group — (or ARG; also known as Architects, Planners Conservators, Inc.) is a firm founded in 1980 by Bruce Judd and Steve Farneth in San Francisco. It began by providing professional services in the fields of architecture and urban planning with… …   Wikipedia

  • Architectural engineer (PE) — The architectural engineer is a professional engineering designation in the United States. The architectural engineer applies the knowledge and skills of broader engineering disciplines to the design, construction, operation, maintenance, and… …   Wikipedia

  • Architectural Woodwork Institute — National Standards setting Trade Association Monday; April 24, 2006= The Architectural Woodwork Institute (AWI),founded in 1953, is a professional trade association. Member companies are the fabricators of fine finished woodwork and furniture;… …   Wikipedia

  • Architectural photographers — Early Architectural Photographers: *Roger Fenton *Francis Frith (Middle East and UK pictures) *Samuel Bourne (India pictures) *Albert Levy (United States and Europe pictures) These photographers paved the way for the modern speciality group of… …   Wikipedia

  • Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library — The Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library is one of twenty five libraries in the Columbia University Library System and is located in Avery Hall on the Morningside Heights campus of Columbia University in the City of New York. It is the… …   Wikipedia

  • SANAA (firm) — SANAA (Sejima + Nishizawa and Associates) is an Architectural firm that is based in Tokyo. It was founded by Kazuyo Sejima and Ryue Nishizawa.Architecture by SANAA* Multimedia Studio 1995 to 1996 Gifu, Japan * N Museum 1995 to 1997 Wakayama,… …   Wikipedia

Поделиться ссылкой на выделенное

Прямая ссылка:
… Нажмите правой клавишей мыши и выберите «Копировать ссылку»